HIGHLY RECOMMENDED:
Deborah Avant, The Market for Force (2005).
Deborah Avant, Mercenaries, 143 Foreign policy 20 (2004).
Anthony Bianco and Stephanie Anderson Forest, Outsourcing War, BusinessWeek Online, Sept. 15, 2003.
CPA, Coalition Provisional Authority Memorandum Number 17, Registration Requirements for Private Security Companies (PSC).
Caroline Holmqvist, Private Security Companies: The Case for Regulation, SIPRI Policy Paper No. 9 (SIPRI: Stockholm, January 2005).
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Privatizing Combat, the New World Order (Center for Public Integrity, 2002).
David Isenberg, A Fistful of Contractors: The Case for a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq (British American Security Information Council, Research Report 2004.4, September 2004, Washington, D.C.).
Anna Leander, The Power to Construct International Security: On the Significance of Private Military Companies, 33 Millenium: Journal of International Studies 803 (2005).
Abdel-Fatah Musah and Kayode J. Fayemi, eds, Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma (2000).
Sarah Percy, Sons of Iniquity and Dogs of War: How a Norm Against Mercenaries Shapes Today’s Trend Towards Military Privatization, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 2003.
Fred Schreier and Marina Caparini, Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Occasional Paper No. 6, March 2005.
David Shearer, Private Armies and Military Intervention, (Adelphi Paper 316, International Institute for Strategic Studies, OUP: 1998).
P. W. Singer, Corporate Warriors. The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry (2003).
Peter W. Singer, Outsourcing War, available here (posted March/April, 2004).
P.W. Singer, War, Profits and the Vacuum of Law: Privatized Military Firms and International Law, 42 Col. J. Transn’l L. 521, 532 (2004).
Eugene B. Smith, The New Condottieri and US Policy: The Privatization of Conflict and Its Implications, Parameters 104 (Winter 2002-2003).
Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights Fact Sheet, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State, Dec. 20, 2000 (Apr. 8, 2002).
Juan-Carlos Zarate, The Emergence of a New Dog of War: Private International Security Companies and the New World Disorder, 34(1) Stanford J. Int’l L. 93-103 (1998).
FURTHER READING ON SPECIFIC SUBJECTS AND POTENTIAL RESEARCH TOPICS
Introductions to the industry:
Rita Abrahamsen and Michael C. Williams, Country Report – Sierra Leone, Country Report – Kenya, Country Report – Nigeria, in the project on The Globalisation of Private Security, Department of International Relations, University of Aberystwyth, July 2005.
James R. Davis, Fortune’s Warriors (2002).
Madeleine Drohan, Making a Killing: How Corporations Use Armed Force to Do Business (2004).
The fog and dogs of war – An alleged coup plot and its murky aftermath, The Economist (Mar. 18, 2004).
Jeremy Harding, The Mercenary Business: Executive Outcomes, 71 Rev. Afr. Pol. Econ’y 87-97 (March 1997).
M.S. Hoover, The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War, 9(2) Case Western Res. J. Int’l L. (1997)
Herbert Howe, Private security forces and African stability: the case of Executive Outcomes, 36(2) J. Mod. Afr. Stud (1998)
Sandline International Inc. v. Papua New Guinea, 117 Int’l L. Rep. 552-565, 565-593 (1999) (in the Queensland Supreme Court).
Ken Silverstein, Private Warriors 169 (2000).
Lt-Col. Tim Spicer OBE, An Unorthodox Soldier: Peace and War and the Sandline Affair (1999).
D. Sturzaker, The Sandline affair: illegality and international law, 3 Int’l Arb’n L.R. 164 (2000).
Further general discussions:
Didier Bigo, Les enterprises para-privées de coercition: de nouveaux mercenaries?, in Cultures et Conflits, no. 52.
Crispin Black, The Security of Business: A View from the Security Industry, in Business and Security: Public-Private Sector Relationships in a new security Environment 173 (Alyson J.K. Bailes / Isabel Frommelt eds., 2004)
Doug Brooks, Messiahs or Mercenaries? The Future of International Private Military Services, International Peacekeeping, Issue 7/4 Winter 2000.
Doug Brooks and Jim Shevlin, Reconsidering Battlefield Contractors, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Summer/Fall 2005.
Gordon L. Cambell, Contractors on the Battlefield: The Ethics of Paying Civilians To Enter Harm’s Way and Requiring Soldiers To Depend upon Them, Paper prepared for presentation to the Joint Services Conference on Professional Ethics, Springfield, VA, January 2000.
Christopher Coker, Outsourcing War, in XIII(1) Cam. Rev. Int’l Aff. 95-113 (1998).
Frank Fountain, A Call for ‘Mercy-naries’: Private Forces for International Policing, 13 Mich. ST. J. Int’l L. 227 (2005).
John Harker, Mercenaries: Private Power, Public Insecurity?, in New Routes (1998/4).
Herbert Howe, Global Order and the Privatization of Security, 22 Fletcher forum of World Affairs, 1 (1998).
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Center for Public Integrity, Making a Killing: The Business of War, Fall 2002.
David Isenberg, Have Lawyer, Accountant, and Guns, Will Fight: The New Post-Cold War Mercenaries. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Convention. Washington, D.C., February 1999.
Francesco Mancini, In Good Company? The role of business in security sector reform (IPA and Demos, London: 2005).
Chia Lehnardt, IILJ Workshop Report.
Robert Mandel, The privatisation of security, 28(1) Armed Forces and Society 129-151 (Fall 2001).
Robert Mandel, Armies Without States: The Privatization of Security (2002).
Kevin O’Brien, PMCs, Myths and Mercenaries: the debate on private militaries companies. Royal United Service Institute Journal, February 2000.
Christian Olsson, Vrai process et faux débats : perspectives critiques sur les argumentaires de legitimation des enterprises de coercition para-privées, in Cultures et Conflits, no. 52.
Lawrence W. Serewicz, Globalization, Sovereignty and the Military Revolution: From Mercenaries to Private International Security Companies, 39 Int’l Pol. 75-89 (March 2002).
P.W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry and Its Ramifications for International Security, in 26(3) Int’l Security 186-220 (Winter 2001/2002).
Raenette Taljaard, The Danger of Latter-Day-Mercenaries Private Military Companies, International Herald Tribune, January 17, 2004.
International regulation – relevant instruments:
Convention Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (Hague Convention No. V), Oct. 18, 1907, 36 Stat. 2310-31; 1 Bevans 654-68, Art. 4.
Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva from 21 April to 12 August, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 31, entry into force 21 October 1950, Art. 13(4) (applying the Convention to supply contractors and members of labor units).
Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva from 21 April to 12 August, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 85, entry into force 21 October 1950, Art. 13(4).
Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva from 21 April to 12 August, 1949, 75 U.N.T.S. 135, entry into force 21 October 1950, Art. 4(4) (granting certain contractors PoW status).
International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, G.A. Res. 44/34, 44 UN GAOR Supp. No. 49 at 306, UN Doc, no. A/44/49 (1989).
OAU Convention for the Elimination of Mercenaries in Africa, initialled by the representatives of the OAU States at the 14th Summit Conference (Libreville, July 1977), entered into force 22 April 1985, reprinted in Gino J. Naldi, ed., Documents of the Organization of African Unity 58 (1992).
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 1125 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force Dec. 7, 1978, Art. 47 (defining mercenaries and depriving them of PoW status).
UN Commission on Human Rights, Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Entreprises with Regard to Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2 (2003), approved by Resolution 2003/16, Aug. 13, 2003, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/L.11 at 52 (2003).
UN, Commission on Human Rights, Commentary on the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/38/Rev.2 (2003).
Other UN Documents:
Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination, December 8, 2004, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/14.
Report of the Thirds Meeting of Experts on Traditional and New Forms of Mercenary Activities as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination, December 2004, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/23.
OCHA Discussion Paper and Non-Binding Guidelines for the Use of Military or Armed Escorts for Humanitarian Convoys, September 14, 2001.
DSRSG of UNAMI: Guidelines for Humanitarian Organisations on Interacting with Military and Other Security Actors in Iraq, October 20. 2004.
Voluntary codes of conduct:
UN Global Compact http://www.globalcompact.org/.
Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights.
IPA Code of Conduct.
International regulation – discussion:
Amnesty International, The UN Human Rights Norms for Business: Towards Legal Accountability, AI Index: IOR 42/001/2004.
Henry Burmester, The Recruitment and Use of Mercenaries in Armed Conflict, 72 Am. J. Int’l L. 37 (1978).
Antonio Cassese, Mercenaries: Lawful Combatants or War Criminals, 40(1) ZaöRV 1-30 (1980).
James Cockayne, Guarding the guardians: state-making, market-making and the global regulation of commercial coercion, EJIL (forthcoming).
FAFO and International Peace Academy, Business and International Crimes: Assessing the Liability of Business Entities for Grave Violations of International Law, FAFO Report 467, 2004.
Françoise Hampson, Mercenaries: Diagnosis Before Prescription, 3 Neth Y.B. Int’l L. 1 (1991).
Carolin Hillemanns, UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights, 4(10) German L. J. (Oct. 1, 2003).
ICRC, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (1987), para. 1798.
International Alert, The mercenary issue at the UN Commission on Human Rights: the need for a new approach (2001).
Christopher Kinsey, Le droit international et le contrôle des mercenaries et des companies militaires privées, Cultures et Conflits, no. 52.
Alexis Kontos, “Private” security guards: Privatized force and State responsibility under international human rights law, 4 Non-State Actors and Int’l L. 199, 228-237 (2005).
Anna Leander, Global Ungovernance: Mercenaries, States and the Control over Violence, COPRI Working Paper, 4/2002 [Paper presented at the ‘Seminar on Private Military Companies’, Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen, 7 Dec.], at http://www.copri.dk/publications/WP/WP%202002/4-2002.pdf.
P.W. Mourning, Leashing the Dogs of War: Outlawing the Recruitment and Use of Mercenaries, 22 Virginia J. Int’l L. 589, 615 (1992).
Kim Nossal, Global Governance and National Interests: Regulating Transnational Security Corporations in the Post Cold-War Era, (2) Melbourne J. Int’l L. 459 at 460 (2001).
Michael Schmitt, Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees, 5 Chic. J. Int’l L. 511-546 (2005).
Commercial security and state formation in early modern Europe:
W. Caferro, Italy and the companies of adventure in the fourteenth century, 58 The Historian 794-810 (Summer 1996).
Niccolò Macchiavelli, The Prince and Other Works, (trans. Allan H. Gilbert, 1964) Ch. XII.
D. Potter, The international mercenary market in the sixteenth century: Anglo-French competition in Germany, 1543-50, in 111 The Eng. Hist. Rev. 24-58 (February 1996).
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (1994).
Janice Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe (1994).
Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990 (1990).
Charles Tilly, War Making and State Making as Organized Crime, in Bringing the State Back In, 169-191 (Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Theda Skocpol eds, 1985).
P.H. Wilson, The German “soldier trade” of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a reassessment, 8 Int’l. Hist. Rev. 758-92 (November 1996).
Mercenarism in non-Western European contexts:
How do social, cultural and other factors influence the development of commercial military and security arrangements?
Prosper Addo, Mercenarism in West Africa: A Threat to Ghana’s Democracy, Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Paper No. 2, November 2004.
Jakkie Cilliers and Peggy Mason, eds, Peace, Profit or Plunder? The Privatisation of Security in War-Torn African Societies (1999).
Gerry Cleaver, Subcontracting military power: The privatisation of security in contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa, 33(1-2) Crime, Law and Social Change 131-149 (March 2000).
Sinclair Dinnen, Militaristic Solutions in a Weak State: Internal Security, Private Contractors, and Political Leadership in Papua New Guinea, 11(2) Contemporary Pacific 286 (Fall 1999).
S. Dinnen, R. May and A. Regan, eds, Challenging the State: the Sandline Affair in Papua New Guinea (1997)
Clive Jones, Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962-1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins (2004)
Anna Leander, The Commodification of Violence, Private Military Companies and African States, COPRI Working Paper, 11/2003, available at http://www.copri.dk/publications/Wp/WP%202003/2-2003.pdf at 3.
SEESAC, SALW and Private Security Companies in South Eastern Europe: A Cause or Effect of Insecurity?, August 2005.
Gerry S. Thomas, Mercenary Troops in Modern Africa (1986).
Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism (2002).
US military contracting:
Thomas Adams, The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict, in 29(2) Parameters 103, 110 (Summer 1999).
Carl A. Buhler, When Contractors Deploy: A Guide for the Operational Commander, Naval War College, Rhode Island, February 8, 2000.
Bruce D. Grant, U.S. Military Expertise for Sale: Private Military Consultants as a Tool of Foreign Policy, Entry for the 17th Annual Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategy Essay Competition, National Defense University, Washington, D.C. (1998)
Stephen Fidler and Thomas Catán, Colombia: Private Companies on the Frontline, Financial Times, August 12, 2003.
Audit Report, Office of the Inspector General, Department of Defense, Retention of Emergency-Essential Civilians Overseas During Hostilities, Report Number 89-026 (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 7, 1988).
Daniel Burton-Rose and Wayne Madsen, Corporate Soldiers: The U.S. Government Privatizes the Use of Force, (20) 3 Multinational Monitor (March 1999).
Department of Defense Inspector General, Audit Report on Civilian Contractor Overseas Support During Hostilities, Report Number 91-105 (Washington, D.C., June 26, 1991).
Carl Hulse, Senate Rejects Harder Penalties On Companies, And Ban On Private Interrogators, N.Y. Times, June 17, 2004.
Carlos Ortiz, Regulating Private Military Companies: States and the Expanding Business of Commercial Security Provision, in, Global Regulation. Mangaing Crises After the Imperial Turn, 205 (L. Assassi, D. Wigan, K. van der Pijl eds., 2004)
Major Joseph R. Perlak, The Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000: Implications for Contractor Personnel, 169 Military Law Review 91-140 (September 2001).
Glenn R. Schmitt, Closing the Gap in Criminal Jurisdiction Over Civilians Accompanying the Armed Forces Abroad – A First Person Account of the Creation of the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000, 51 Catholic U. L. Rev. 55 (Fall 2001).
US Congress, Arms Export Control Act 1968, 22 U.S.C.A. § 2778 (AECA).
US Congress, International Traffic in Arms Regulations, 22 U.S.C.A. § 2778 (ITAR).
US Congress, Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act, Pub. L. No. 106-523, 18 U.S.C. § 3261, 114 Stat. 2488 (November 22, 2000).
US Congress, Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, 108th Congress, 2d Session, S. 2400, October 28, 2004, sec. 1088.
Mark J. Yost and Douglas S. Anderson, The Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000: Closing the Gap, in 95 Am. J. Int’l L. 446 (2001).
Jonathan Werve, Contractors Write the Rules: Army policy governing use of contractors omits intelligence restrictions, June 30, 2004, Center for Public Integrity.
Stephen Zamparelli, Contractors on the Battlefield: What Have We Signed Up For?, Air War College Research report, March 1999 (detailing contractor defections in the First Gulf War).
Other national and regional regulation:
Alyson Bailes and Caroline Holmqvist, EU must regulate private security firms, European Voice, 22-28 September 2005.
Edward Cody, Contractor Immunity a Divisive Issue, Washington Post,, June 14, 2004
Patrick Cullen, Keeping the New Dog of War on a Tight Leash: Assessing the Accountability for Private Military, 1 Conflict Trends 36-39 (2000).
France, Loi n° 2003-340 du 14 Avril 2003 relatif à la répression de l’activité de mercenaire, JO n° 89 du 15 Avril 2003 , p. 6636, inserting Chapter VI of Title III of Book IV of the Code.
Elke Krahmann, Regulating Private Military Companies: What Role for the EU?, 26(1) Contemporary Security Policy 1-23 (2005).
Elke Krahmann, Controlling Private Military Companies in Europe: Between Partnership and Regulation, 13(2)European Security (forthcoming 2005).
Mark Malan and Jakkie Cilliers, Mercenaries and Mischief: The Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Bill, South African Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper No. 25 (Sept. 1997).
New Zealand, Mercenary Activities (Prohibition) Bill (83-2). Commentary and Bill, as reported from the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee. Date Presented: 15/4/2004.
South Africa, Regulation of Foreign Military Assistance Act 1998 (SA).
UK, Report of the Committee of Privy Counsellors Appointed to Inquire into the Recruitment of Mercenaries, Cmnd. 6569 (Aug. 1976), at 10.
UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, HC 577 Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation 2001-02 (London: The Stationery Office, 2002).
UK House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Session 2001-2002, Ninth Report: Private Military Companies, July 23, 2002.
Clive Walker and Dave Whyte, Contracting Out War?: Private Military Companies, Law and Regulation in the United Kingdom, 54 Int’l & Comp. L. Q. 651-690 (2005)
Alien Tort Litigation:
Cases
Al Rawi et al. v. Titan Corp. et al.(June 9, 2004).
Ibrahim v. Titan Corporation, Case No. 04-CV-1248 and Saleh v. Titan Corporation, Case No. 04-CV-1143 R, Southern District of California. Summary Judgment.
Discussion
Center for Constitutional Rights, CCR Files Lawsuit Against Private Contractors for Torture Conspiracy, June 10, 2004.
John H. Cushman, Jr., Private Company Finds No Evidence Its Interrogators Took Part in Prison Abuse, N.Y. Times 8 (August 13, 2004). See also http://www.caci.com/iraq_faqs.shtml.
Tina Garmon, Domesticating International Corporate Responsibility: Holding Private Military Firms Accountable under the Alien Tort Claims Act, 11 Tul. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 325 (2003).
Jennifer L, Heil, African Private Security Companies and the Alien Tort Claims Act: Could Multinational Oil and Mining Companies be Liable?, 22 Nwstern J. Int’l L. & Bus. 291 (2002).
Nathaniel Stinnett, Regulating the Privatization of War: How to Stop Private Military Firms from Committing Human Rights Abuses, 28 Boston Coll. Int’l & Comp. L. R. 211 (2005).
PSCs and humanitarian and disaster relief:
Gilles Carbonnier, Corporate responsibility and humanitarian action, 83 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 947-968 (no. 844, December 2001).
James Cockayne, Commercial security in the humanitarian space: blurring boundaries or building states?, (International Peace Academy and UN DPKO, forthcoming 2006).
Mark Duffield, Post-modern Conflict: Warlords, Post-adjustment States and Private Protection, 1(1) Civil Wars 98 (Spring 1998).
Peter H. Gantz, The Private Sector’s Role in Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement,(Refugees International).
Stephen Fiedler, UN: Proposal for Private Soldiers Gathers Steam, Financial Times, November 5, 2003.
Michael O’Hanlon and P.W. Singer, The Humanitarian Transformation: Expanding Global Intervention Capacity, 46(1) Survival 77-100 (Spring 2004).
Jeremy Scahill, Blackhawk Down, in The Nation, October 10, 2005.
Christopher Spearin, Private Security Companies: A Corporate Solution to Securing Humanitarian Spaces, in 8(1) Int’l Peacekeeping 20-43 (Spring 2001).
Christopher Spearin, Humanitarians and Mercenaries: Partners in Security Governance?, in., New Threats and New Actors in International Security (Elke Krahman ed., 2005).
Tony Vaux, European Aid Agencies and their Use of Private Security Companies, in “Humanitarian action and private security companies: opening the debate”, (International Alert: London, 2001) at 12-13.
Claude Voillat, ICRC, Private Military Companies: A Word of Caution, 28 Humanitarian Exchange 33 (2005).
PMCs and peace operations:
Oldrich Bures, Private Military Companies: A Second Best Peacekeeping Option?, in 12 International Peacekeeping, 534 (2005).
IPOA, Supporting the MONUC Mandate with Private Services in the Democratic Republic of Congo, IPOA Operational Concept Paper, January 2003, at 3, available at http://www.IPOAonline.org.
Damian Lilly, The Privatization of Security and Peacebuilding. A Framework for Action (International Alert, 2000).
Damian Lilly, The Privatization of Peacekeeping: Prospects and Realities, in Disarmament Forum, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, No. 3, 2000.
Kevin O’Brien, Military-Advisory Groups and African Security: Privatized Peacekeeping?, 5(3) Int’l Peacekeeping 78-105 (Autumn 1998).
David Shearer, Privatising Protection, World Today (RIIA), August/September 2001.
Peter W. Singer, Peacekeepers, Inc., 119 Policy Review Online (June/July 2003).
Brian Urquhart, For a U.N. Volunteer Military Force, N.Y. Rev. of Books, June 10, 1993, at 3-4 (proposing the creation of a UN force made up of volunteers).
A.J. Venter, Market Forces: how hired guns succeeded where the United Nations failed, Jane’s Int’l Def. Rev., 3/1998.
Economic aspects:
Eric J. Fredland, Outsourcing Military Force: A Transactions Cost Perspective on the Role of Military Companies, 15(3) Defence & Peace Eco. 205-219 (June 2004).
Eric Fredland and Adrian Kendry, The Privatisation of Military Force: Economic Virtues, Vice and Government Responsibility, XIII(1) Cam. Rev. Int’l Aff. 147-164 (1998).
Montgomery Sapone, Have Rifle With Scope, Will Travel: The Global Economy of Mercenary Violence, Cal. West’n Int’l L. J. 1, 32-33 (Fall 1999).
